According to @VitalikButerin (X/Twitter, Oct 26, 2025), a core blockchain property is that even a 51% attack cannot make an invalid block valid, so 51% of validators colluding or suffering a software bug cannot directly steal assets on-chain. According to @VitalikButerin (X/Twitter, Oct 26, 2025), this guarantee does not hold if users or protocols trust the validator set to perform tasks the chain does not control, where 51% of validators can collude to output a wrong answer with no recourse. According to @VitalikButerin (X/Twitter, Oct 26, 2025), this highlights trading-relevant risk for systems that depend on validator-majority outcomes for off-chain decisions or oracle-like answers, as the trust model shifts from objective consensus security to social trust in validators.

According to @VitalikButerin, Polygon hosts Polymarket and he called it probably the single most successful example of a not just boring finance app that has actually been successful and provided value, as posted on X on Oct 21, 2025. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, Polygon has also hosted many applications requiring high levels of scalability. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, Polygon invested early in ZK-EVM proving by bringing in Jordi Baylina's team and through other efforts, which he said greatly helped move the space forward. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, Polygon built infrastructure for proof aggregation via AggLayer and other components. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, he hopes Polygon can adopt off the shelf ZK technology to upgrade the PoS chain to full stage 1 and later stage 2 security guarantees from the Ethereum L1. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, proving costs are around 0.0001 USD per transaction, ZK tech has improved substantially, and projects like Lighter_xyz show viability beyond Ethereum L1 scale. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, the market structure has split into L2 teams and ZK teams as separate entities, citing examples such as SuccinctLabs, RiscZero, and brevis_zk. According to @VitalikButerin on X on Oct 21, 2025, he also highlighted Sandeep Nailwal's work with CryptoRelief in India, noted that Sandeep returned 190 million USD worth of SHIB to him enabling the Balvi open source anti airborne disease biotech program, added that CZ donated 10 million USD in BNB, and said he recently added about 20 million USD of his own funds without selling ETH.

According to @VitalikButerin, a GKR protocol tutorial is now live on vitalik.eth.limo and is presented as an educational post rather than a governance or product announcement. Source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1980063617002426751 https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/10/19/gkr.html GKR refers to the Goldwasser Kalai Rothblum interactive proof protocol for efficiently verifying layered arithmetic circuits via the sum check technique introduced in 2008. Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.0171 https://people.cs.georgetown.edu/jthaler/ProofsArgsAndZK.pdf Zero knowledge rollups on Ethereum use succinct proofs to compress off chain computation and scale throughput. Source: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/ Rollups post data to Ethereum L1 and pay fees in ETH, which interact with EIP 1559 burn mechanics and the fee market. Source: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/rollups/ https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/ STARK based systems such as Starknet and Immutable X are built on zk proof technology from StarkWare, with active ecosystems and tradable tokens STRK and IMX that are tied to these networks. Source: https://starkware.co/resource/what-are-starks/ https://docs.starknet.io/documentation/shared/starknet_token/ https://docs.immutable.com/docs/starkex/background/ For traders, the post signals ongoing focus on core zk proof building blocks that underpin Ethereum scaling, but it does not communicate immediate mainnet parameter changes or token mechanics updates. Source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1980063617002426751 https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/10/19/gkr.html

According to @VitalikButerin, ZK and FHE teams should report performance as an overhead ratio—cryptographic compute time divided by raw compute time—rather than N ops/sec, enabling more hardware-independent comparisons and straightforward estimation by multiplying known raw runtimes, source: @VitalikButerin, Oct 18, 2025. He acknowledges ratios remain somewhat hardware-dependent due to heterogeneous operations, SIMD/parallelization, and memory access patterns, but argues the overhead factor is still the most informative single number for developers, source: @VitalikButerin, Oct 18, 2025. For trading due diligence on ETH rollups and privacy protocols, lower overhead ratios imply less efficiency loss versus raw compute, clarifying prover requirements and throughput planning once projects disclose these figures, supporting more comparable cross-project benchmarking, source: @VitalikButerin, Oct 18, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, researcher Dankrad has made significant contributions to Ethereum including Danksharding and consensus research and is now pursuing new efforts. Source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1979140260622930348 For traders, Danksharding remains a core scaling milestone on Ethereum’s roadmap aimed at expanding blob-based data availability to further compress Layer 2 transaction costs over time. Source: https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/danksharding/ Proto-danksharding EIP-4844 is already live on mainnet via the Dencun upgrade, introducing blob transactions that reduce rollup data availability costs and shape L2 fee dynamics closely tracked by markets. Source: https://blog.ethereum.org/2024/03/13/dencun-mainnet and https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844 No details about Dankrad’s next role or any roadmap change were disclosed, so there is no direct timeline update for traders to price in from this post. Source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1979140260622930348 Traders can monitor ETH price action alongside L2 gas and blob base fee metrics, as EIP-4844 established a blob gas market that directly impacts rollup costs and user fees. Source: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844

According to @VitalikButerin, Greg Maxwell defends a principled commitment to freedom and open market-based resource allocation against the populist desire to censor the Current Hated Thing (Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Oct 16, 2025). Buterin also referenced a BitMEX Research post by linking to x.com/BitMEXResearch/status/1978545931600511157 (Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Oct 16, 2025).

According to @VitalikButerin, Brevis's Pico Prism has entered the ZK-EVM proving arena, which he describes as an important step forward for ZK-EVM proving speed and diversity. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Oct 15, 2025. For trading, participants tracking ETH and ZK-EVM ecosystems can anchor near-term sentiment to this progress specifically in proving speed and prover diversity highlighted by @VitalikButerin. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Oct 15, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, the Ethereum co-founder stated that "The L2 scaling thing is working" on Oct 11, 2025, sharing a link to a GrowThePie post that tracks Layer-2 activity and costs. Source: x.com/VitalikButerin/status/1976809800840495316, x.com/growthepie_eth/status/1976756960532848846 Ethereum’s roadmap prioritizes rollups to boost throughput and lower fees, making L2 adoption a core driver of network usability that traders track when forming ETH views. Source: ethereum.org/en/roadmap/rollups To validate momentum, traders can monitor Layer-2 transaction counts, total value secured (TVS), average user fees, and sequencer revenue via established analytics dashboards. Source: l2beat.com, growthepie.xyz For execution, track spot and perpetual markets liquidity, volume, and funding for ETH around L2 data inflections to gauge market response. Source: binance.com/en/futures

According to @VitalikButerin, prediction markets have improved significantly since the early days of Augur v1 in 2015. Source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1976490241704984717 He added that Polymarket has been the key driving force behind this progress, a constructive signal for traders tracking the prediction-market sector. Source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1976490241704984717

According to @VitalikButerin, memory access is O(N^[1/3]), shared via an Oct 5, 2025 post and tweet linking to a detailed write-up. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Oct 5, 2025 https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1974668182888857871; Blog https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/10/05/memory13.html. For trading, monitor whether this O(N^[1/3]) memory model gains traction in developer discussions, as market participants sometimes trade around core research conversations; watch ETH spot, perps basis, and L2 token reaction as the post circulates. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Oct 5, 2025 https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1974668182888857871; Blog https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/10/05/memory13.html. Track references to the O(N^[1/3]) concept in public research threads, client updates, and core dev agendas before positioning, using the original post as the canonical reference point. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Oct 5, 2025 https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1974668182888857871; Blog https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/10/05/memory13.html.

According to @VitalikButerin, Peter Thiel is not a cypherpunk, a statement posted on X on Oct 3, 2025 that traders can timestamp for market reaction analysis. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Oct 3, 2025. Traders can monitor ETH spot to perpetual basis, funding rates, and 25-delta options skew in the hours following the post to detect any measurable sentiment shift tied to this high-visibility comment. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Oct 3, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, Fusaka prioritizes safety and centers on PeerDAS to enable a live blockchain where no single node must download full block data, a design aimed at robust data availability for scaling. source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 24, 2025. He explained that PeerDAS has each node request a small number of chunks to probabilistically verify that more than 50 percent of chunks are available, after which nodes can download those chunks and use erasure coding to recover the rest. source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 24, 2025. In the first version, full block data must still exist in one place for initial broadcasting and for reconstruction when a publisher releases between 50 percent and less than 100 percent of a block, but these roles are untrusted and require only one honest actor to succeed even if many are dishonest. source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 24, 2025. He added that future cell-level messaging and distributed block building will distribute even these remaining functions. source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 24, 2025. Core developers will be highly cautious on testing, and the blob count will increase conservatively at first before becoming more aggressive over time. source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 24, 2025. He stated PeerDAS is key to L2 scaling and eventually L1 scaling once the L1 gas limit is high enough to place L1 execution data into blobs, framing Fusaka and PeerDAS as central to Ethereum’s scaling roadmap. source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 24, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, Base operates as an Ethereum Layer 2 that leverages some centralized components for better UX while inheriting security from Ethereum’s decentralized base layer. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X. According to @VitalikButerin, Base is non-custodial under the L2Beat Stage 1 definition, meaning the operator cannot take user funds or block withdrawals. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X and L2Beat. According to @VitalikButerin, traders can verify Base’s security status and ongoing risk metrics on the L2Beat Base project page. Source: L2Beat and Vitalik Buterin on X. According to @VitalikButerin, L2Beat assesses concrete safety properties that protect users from being rugged rather than acting as a compliance authority. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X. According to @VitalikButerin, L2Beat explains that if an L2 shuts down, users can still withdraw to Ethereum L1 without the L2 operator via enforced exit mechanisms. Source: L2Beat on X linked by Vitalik Buterin. According to @VitalikButerin, a real-world example on Soneium shows how L2s mitigate operator censorship of transactions. Source: gauthamzzz on X linked by Vitalik Buterin. According to @VitalikButerin, these non-custodial guarantees and L1-controlled exits are designed to safeguard user funds, a core risk factor for capital deployment on Base and across ETH L2s. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X.

According to @VitalikButerin, low-risk DeFi could play for Ethereum the role that search played for Google, positioning safer, utility-first onchain finance as a core growth driver for the network. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 20, 2025; blog vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/09/21/low_risk_defi.html. According to @VitalikButerin, traders can align with this framing by monitoring Ethereum gas usage and fee trends tied to low-risk DeFi activity as practical proxies for network demand impacting ETH. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 20, 2025; blog vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/09/21/low_risk_defi.html. According to @VitalikButerin, tracking onchain metrics such as DeFi transaction counts, TVL, and user growth within lower-volatility, risk-managed Ethereum protocols can help validate adoption momentum relevant to ETH liquidity and market positioning. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 20, 2025; blog vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/09/21/low_risk_defi.html.

According to @VitalikButerin, using a single AI to allocate funding invites jailbreak exploits like gimme all the money, making naive AI governance unsafe for resource distribution, source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1966688933531828428. He endorses an info finance design featuring an open market where anyone can submit models, enforced by a spot-check mechanism that anyone can trigger and a human jury to evaluate results, source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1966688933531828428 and https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/11/09/infofinance.html. He argues this plug-in marketplace is more robust because it provides real-time model diversity and creates built-in incentives for model submitters and external speculators to detect and correct issues quickly, source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1966688933531828428. For trading relevance, his emphasis on open markets, human-in-the-loop review, and speculator incentives highlights market-based verification as a preferred mechanism for AI funding systems that traders can monitor for adoption in governance and model marketplaces, source: https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1966688933531828428 and https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/11/09/infofinance.html.

According to @VitalikButerin, FOCIL only makes sense when it relies on the public mempool because its goal is to let regular small stakers source transactions there. Source: Vitalik Buterin, X, Sep 10, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, Ethereum still lacks full account abstraction, and non-ECDSA accounts cannot transact without relying on an intermediary. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 10, 2025. He states that intermediary reliance harms privacy, weakens censorship resistance, and undermines permissionless access. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 10, 2025. He adds that users cannot be quantum-safe without making their account depend on an intermediary, and that privacy protocols currently rely on a vulnerable public broadcaster ecosystem. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 10, 2025. He emphasizes that significant work remains to get account abstraction right and warns against normalizing higher intermediary dependency before fixes arrive. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 10, 2025. For traders, these statements identify unresolved design constraints that directly affect non-ECDSA wallets, quantum-resistant schemes, and privacy tooling—key pillars for smart-account adoption and self-custody UX in the ETH ecosystem. Source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 10, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, embracing open source so users can inspect and modify technology, with AI lowering the intellectual barriers, is essential for broad participation in tech — he shared a link to his long-form note on the topic. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Sep 9, 2025; vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/08/12/onlyopensource.html The post contains no new Ethereum protocol changes, tokenomics updates, or price guidance, indicating this is a values and development-focused message rather than a short-term market catalyst. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Sep 9, 2025; vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/08/12/onlyopensource.html For traders, the emphasis on open-source participation and AI-assisted building points attention toward developer engagement and client release cadence as key ecosystem health indicators for ETH, rather than immediate price-moving announcements. Source: @VitalikButerin on X, Sep 9, 2025; vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/08/12/onlyopensource.html

According to @VitalikButerin, protocols should minimize lines of code and be crafted as works of art rather than quick-and-dirty releases; source: @VitalikButerin on X, Sep 6, 2025. For traders, this frames code minimalism as a concrete quality signal when evaluating Ethereum (ETH) protocols, making lean core logic with fewer lines of code a practical criterion in risk assessment; source: @VitalikButerin on X, Sep 6, 2025.

According to @VitalikButerin, the lean Ethereum team is delivering across scaling, decentralization, and resilience, and he expects long-term scaling ideas to be ready around the same time the short-term scaling roadmap reaches key milestones, directing readers to leanroadmap.org; source: Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 6, 2025. For trading context, Ethereum.org states scaling solutions aim to increase transactions per second and reduce costs on Ethereum and Layer-2s, directly affecting throughput and fees that traders monitor; sources: Ethereum.org scaling documentation; Vitalik Buterin on X, Sep 6, 2025.