According to @1HowardWu, no transparent chain can deliver real privacy, so a purpose-built end-to-end zero-knowledge stack is required rather than forking Ethereum’s EVM architecture designed for public execution. Source: @1HowardWu on X, Nov 13, 2025. According to @1HowardWu, snarkVM compiles programs into zkSNARK circuits that execute off-chain with proofs verified on-chain, while the EVM executes publicly on-chain, making the computational models fundamentally different for privacy-preserving smart contracts. Source: @1HowardWu on X, Nov 13, 2025. According to @1HowardWu, the Leo language enforces privacy at the type-system level and guarantees declared private data remains private throughout execution, which Solidity and Rust do not natively support. Source: @1HowardWu on X, Nov 13, 2025. For traders, the source indicates that ZK-native stacks like Aleo may address privacy guarantees that EVM-based retrofits cannot, so differentiate valuation and risk between EVM-compatible privacy add-ons and chains built on ZK-first VMs when assessing the zero-knowledge privacy narrative. Source: @1HowardWu on X, Nov 13, 2025.